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Submitted on May 21, 2002
Accepted on October 18, 2002
1 Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS - INSERM - ULP, B.P. 163, 67404 Illkirch-Strasbourg, France Present address: Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal (QC) H4H 1R3, Canada Department of Anatomy, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: paolosc{at}igbmc.u-strasbg.fr.
Spermatogenesis is a process whereby haploid spermatozoa differentiate through meiosis from precursor stem cells. We examined the expression of circadian clock genes in the testis, to assess clock control over the timing of different developmental events. Clock genes are known to oscillate with circadian rhythmicity in the central clock structure -the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus -but also in peripheral tissues. Here we show that Per1 gene expression in the testis is constant over a 24-hour period and that the Per1 transcript is expressed at a level higher than the peak values of the Per1 oscillations observed for other tissues. Bmal1, another clock gene whose expression oscillates in other tissues, also shows constant expression levels in the testis. In addition, the levels and phosphorylation state of the PER1 protein are not oscillating at all times of day. Strikingly, Per1 is restricted primarily to step 7 to 10 spermatids and thus appears to be developmentally regulated. The expression of the Clock transcript is also developmentally regulated, but it is found principally in spermatogonia and spermatocytes up until the time of the first meiotic division. Per1 expression is not altered in testes from Clock mutant mice, suggesting that CLOCK does not activate Per1 in male germ cells, in contrast to what it does in other mouse tissues. Taken together, our observations suggest that the testis, differently from all other peripheral tissues, lacks a functioning circadian clock.
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