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Molecular Endocrinology, Vol 10, 1496-1506, Copyright © 1996 by Endocrine Society
ARTICLES |
X Liu, GW Robinson and L Hennighausen
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)5 was originally identified as a mammary gland factor (MGF) that binds to promoter sequences of milk protein genes and activates their transcription. We have generated isoform-specific antibodies against Stat5a or Stat5b and show that both isoforms are present in similar amounts at the protein level in mammary tissues of virgin, pregnant, lactating, and involuting mice. In contrast, Stat5 phosphorylation is very low in immature virgins, rises sharply during late pregnancy, and declines rapidly during involution. Upon phosphorylation, Stat5a and Stat5b form homo- and heterodimers. The induction of Stat5 phosphorylation during late pregnancy correlates with the transcriptional activation of milk protein genes. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and supershift analysis, we demonstrated that the DNA-binding activity detected during lactation is composed of both Stat5a and Stat5b, but not of other STATs. The hypothesis that Stat5 is directly involved in mammary cell differentiation was tested in estrous cycle and in transgenic mice with impaired mammary development. Transient differentiation of mammary alveolar cells and milk protein gene expression during estrus in virgin female mice coincide with transient Stat5 phosphorylation. Impaired mammary development and very low levels of milk protein gene expression in mice carrying the truncated form of the cell fate protein Int3 correlated with reduced phosphorylation and heterodimer formation.
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K. Miyoshi, J. M. Shillingford, G. H. Smith, S. L. Grimm, K.-U. Wagner, T. Oka, J. M. Rosen, G. W. Robinson, and L. Hennighausen Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 5 controls the proliferation and differentiation of mammary alveolar epithelium J. Cell Biol., November 12, 2001; 155(4): 531 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. H. Faulds, K. Pettersson, J.-A. Gustafsson, and L.-A. Haldosen Cross-Talk Between ERs and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 Is E2 Dependent and Involves Two Functionally Separate Mechanisms Mol. Endocrinol., November 1, 2001; 15(11): 1929 - 1940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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K. L. Schwertfeger, M. M. Richert, and S. M. Anderson Mammary Gland Involution Is Delayed by Activated Akt in Transgenic Mice Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2001; 15(6): 867 - 881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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K. Schorr and P. A. Furth Induction of bcl-xL Expression in Mammary Epithelial Cells Is Glucocorticoid-dependent but not Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5-dependent Cancer Res., November 1, 2000; 60(21): 5950 - 5953. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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R. W. E. Clarkson, J. L. Heeley, R. Chapman, F. Aillet, R. T. Hay, A. Wyllie, and C. J. Watson NF-kappa B Inhibits Apoptosis in Murine Mammary Epithelia J. Biol. Chem., April 21, 2000; 275(17): 12737 - 12742. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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I. Beuvink, D. Hess, H. Flotow, J. Hofsteenge, B. Groner, and N. E. Hynes Stat5a Serine Phosphorylation. SERINE 779 IS CONSTITUTIVELY PHOSPHORYLATED IN THE MAMMARY GLAND, AND SERINE 725 PHOSPHORYLATION INFLUENCES PROLACTIN-STIMULATED IN VITRO DNA BINDING ACTIVITY J. Biol. Chem., March 31, 2000; 275(14): 10247 - 10255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. Matsumoto, Y. Seki, M. Kubo, S. Ohtsuka, A. Suzuki, I. Hayashi, K. Tsuji, T. Nakahata, M. Okabe, S. Yamada, et al. Suppression of STAT5 Functions in Liver, Mammary Glands, and T Cells in Cytokine-Inducible SH2-Containing Protein 1 Transgenic Mice Mol. Cell. Biol., September 1, 1999; 19(9): 6396 - 6407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. V. Kazansky, E. B. Kabotyanski, S. L. Wyszomierski, M. A. Mancini, and J. M. Rosen Differential Effects of Prolactin and src/abl Kinases on the Nuclear Translocation of STAT5B and STAT5A J. Biol. Chem., August 6, 1999; 274(32): 22484 - 22492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. Yamashita, J. Xu, R. A. Erwin, A. C. Larner, and H. Rui A Lymphoma Growth Inhibitor Blocks Some but Not All Prolactin-stimulated Signaling Pathways J. Biol. Chem., May 21, 1999; 274(21): 14699 - 14705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Dajee, G. H. Fey, and J. S. Richards Stat 5b and the Orphan Nuclear Receptors Regulate Expression of the {alpha}2-Macroglobulin ({alpha}2M) Gene in Rat Ovarian Granulosa Cells Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 1998; 12(9): 1393 - 1409. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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C. Bole-Feysot, V. Goffin, M. Edery, N. Binart, and P. A. Kelly Prolactin (PRL) and Its Receptor: Actions, Signal Transduction Pathways and Phenotypes Observed in PRL Receptor Knockout Mice Endocr. Rev., June 1, 1998; 19(3): 225 - 268. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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F. Barahmand-Pour, A. Meinke, B. Groner, and T. Decker Jak2-Stat5 Interactions Analyzed in Yeast J. Biol. Chem., May 15, 1998; 273(20): 12567 - 12575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. Turkson, T. Bowman, R. Garcia, E. Caldenhoven, R. P. De Groot, and R. Jove Stat3 Activation by Src Induces Specific Gene Regulation and Is Required for Cell Transformation Mol. Cell. Biol., May 1, 1998; 18(5): 2545 - 2552. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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G. M. Edwards, F. H. Wilford, X. Liu, L. Hennighausen, J. Djiane, and C. H. Streuli Regulation of Mammary Differentiation by Extracellular Matrix Involves Protein-tyrosine Phosphatases J. Biol. Chem., April 17, 1998; 273(16): 9495 - 9500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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